Goal Disruption Theory (GDT) offers a framework for understanding when goal expectancy violations (e.g., being diagnosed with renal disease) are most likely to cause a state of disruption (i.e., psychological disequilibrium caused by a goal expectancy violation), and the adaptive responses that are automatically catalyzed as a result (e.g., reduced cognitive complexity, increased impulsivity, decreased willingness to forgive). The current chapter gives an overview of the disruptive force of chronic disease, provides an introduction of GDT, identifies the relevance of GDT for renal patients and medical personnel, and offers insight into how the theoretical framework can be used to increase the health and wellness of patients with renal disease.